Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome (CFC) is an extremely rare and serious genetic disorder.[1][2]
It is characterized by the following:
- Distinctive facial appearance
- Unusually sparse, brittle, curly scalp hair
- A range of skin abnormalities from dermatitis to thick, scaly skin over the entire body (generalized ichthyosis)
- Heart malformations (congenital or appearing later) especially an obstruction of the normal flow of blood from the lower right ventricle of the heart to the lungs (valvar pulmonary stenosis)
- Delayed growth
- Mental retardation
- Psychomotor retardation
- Foot abnormalities (extra toe or fusion of two or more toes)
Malformations of face and head
Individuals with the disorder usually have distinctive malformations of the craniofacial area including an unusually large head (macrocephaly), prominent forehead, and abnormal narrowing of both sides of the forehead (bitemporal constriction); The nose can be upturned and short with a low nasal bridge; and large ears that are abnormally rotated toward the back of the head. In many cases, affected individuals also have downward slanting eyelid folds, widely spaced eyes, drooping of the upper eyelids, inward deviation of the eyes, and other eye abnormalities including absent eyebrows and eyelashes.
Genetic causes of CFC
Costello and Noonan syndrome are similar to CFC and their phenotypic overlap may be due to the biochemical relationship of the genes mutated in each syndrome to each other. Genes that are mutated in all three of these syndromes encode proteins that function in the MAP kinase pathway.
- Mutations that cause CFC are found in the KRAS, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 genes.
- Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in HRAS.
- Mutations that cause Noonan Syndrome have been found in PTPN11 and SOS1.
The relative severity of CFC when compared to Noonan Syndrome may reflect the position in the biochemical pathway each gene occupies.
- Shp2, the protein product of the PTPN11, appears to regulate the MAP kinase pathway at or above the level of SOS1.
- SOS1 in turn regulates the activities of RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK and p90RSK.
- SOS1 has been demonstrated to be a target of negative feedback by ERK and p90RSK.
Thus, any activating mutation downstream of SOS1 may be subject to less regulation that may mitigate the consequence of such mutations giving rise to the phenotypic differences seen between these syndromes.[3]
References
- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. p. 550. ISBN 0721629210.
- ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 513. ISBN 0071380760.
- ^ Bentires-Alj M, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG (March 2006). "Stops along the RAS pathway in human genetic disease". Nat. Med. 12 (3): 283–5. doi:10.1038/nm0306-283. PMID 16520774.
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Deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
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| GTP-binding protein regulators |
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| G protein |
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| MAP kinase |
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
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| Other kinase/phosphatase |
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| Signal transducing adaptor proteins |
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see also intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
B structural (perx, skel, cili, mito, nucl, sclr) · DNA/RNA/protein synthesis (drep, trfc, tscr, tltn) · membrane (icha, slcr, atpa, abct, othr) · transduction (iter, csrc, itra), trfk
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